home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
BBS in a Box 7
/
BBS in a Box - Macintosh - Volume VII (BBS in a Box) (January 1993).iso
/
Files
/
Hyper
/
N-O
/
Ocular Anatomy Tutor.cpt
/
Ocular Anatomy Tutor
/
card_5299.txt
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1990-02-22
|
5KB
|
124 lines
-- card: 5299 from stack: in
-- bmap block id: 5464
-- flags: 0000
-- background id: 2278
-- name: Sclera and Limbus
-- part 1 (button)
-- low flags: 00
-- high flags: 2000
-- rect: left=331 top=325 right=337 bottom=343
-- title width / last selected line: 0
-- icon id / first selected line: 0 / 0
-- text alignment: 1
-- font id: 0
-- text size: 12
-- style flags: 0
-- line height: 16
-- part name: 1
----- HyperTalk script -----
on mouseUp
visual iris close
go to card id 13625
end mouseUp
-- part contents for background part 1
----- text -----
Sclera:
I. Description: Posterior 5/6 of the eye.
A. Color: Normally white.
1. Yellow: Due to aging, fat, or jaundice.
2. Blue: Present in infants or pathology (thinned sclera).
B. Thickness:
1. Thickest anterior to extraocular muscles and at posterior pole.
2. Thinnest posterior to extraocular muscles.
3. Lamina cribrosa: Net of scleral fibers, allows optic nerve passage, this is the weakest part of
the sclera, in high intraocular pressure the optic disk will become cupped.
C. Structure:
1. Bundles of collagen fiber, mostly parallel to the surface, all oriented in different directions and
interweaved.
2. Fibroblasts
3. No MPS: Opaque
II. Layers of the Sclera:
A. Episclera: Loose connective tissue, outer layer.
1. Merges with sclera on inside and Tenon's capsule on outside.
B. Sclera: No sharp division between sclera and choroid.
C. Lamina fusca: Transition between sclera and choroid, melanocytes are present.
III. Blood supply:
A. Sclera: Avascular.
B. Episclera: Rich in blood vessels, purple in color.
C. Conjunctiva: Thin covering over anterior sclera, contains blood vessels and is red in color.
IV. Innervation:
A. Not highly innervated.
B. Ciliary nerves pass through the sclera to anterior surface.
V. Function of the Sclera:
A. Maintains the shape of the eye.
B. Provides an attachment for the extraocular muscles.
C. Counters intraocular pressure.
Limbus:
I. Location:
A. Located at the junction of the cornea and sclera.
II. Occurrences at the limbus:
A. Corneal epithelium (5-6 layers) changes to conjunctival epithelium (10-15 layers).
B. Corneal stroma which is regular collagen becomes sclera which is irregular.
C. Blood vessels:
1. Conjunctival capillaries end in limbal loops (red).
2. Episcleral capillaries end in loops, at a place further away from the limbus, these are deeper
and appear purple.
3. Lymphatics collect into lymphatic circle of Teichmann.
4. Nerves: Ciliary nerves branch to limbus and cornea.
III. Function of the limbus:
A. Nourishment of peripheral cornea.
B. Removal of aqueous.
C. Attachment of ciliary muscles at the scleral spur of dense collagen fibers.
IV. Removal of aqueous:
A. Structures:
1. Trabecular meshwork:
a. Triangular cross section, apex is at Schwalbe's line, inner along anterior chamber, base
along ciliary body and scleral spur, outer along Schlemm's canal and stromal tissue.
b. Occupies most of internal scleral sulcus.
c. 15 flat perforated sheets (mostly holes) running from Schwalbe's line to the scleral spur
(pores of Fontana). Spaces between the sheets are called the spaces of Fontana.
d. The sheets are random collagen fibers with basement membranes and one layer of endothelial
cells on each side.
2. Schlemm's canal (sinus venosus scleral):
a. It is considered a vein, although it does not carry blood.
b. It is circular around the limbus.
c. It has a thick connective tissue wall and an endothelial lining.
d. Has giant vacuoles on inner wall, lets in more aqueous.
e. The internal collector channels of Schlemm's canal intersperse with the trabecular
meshwork, but do not join.
B. Aqueous removal pathway: (See diagram 1)
C. Glaucoma: Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) could result from reduced aqueous outflow.
1. Open angle glaucoma: 95%, anatomical cause unknown.
2. Angle closure glaucoma: 5%, iris root obstructs trabecular meshwork.
a. Assessment by von Herrick or gonioscopy. In gonioscopy you should see:
1) Scleral spur
2) Trabecular meshwork
3) Schlemm's canal
4) Schwalbe's line.
b. Normal IOP is about 15 mm. of Hg., it can shoot up to 70 mm. Hg very rapidly.
3. Treatment of glaucoma: Pilocarpine, which makes ciliary muscles contract, thus opening the
trabecular meshwork.
4. Ocular hypertension: Higher than normal IOP, not considered glaucoma until eye damage (usually
fields) is encountered.